Chinezul - Blog despre civilizaţia chineză

100 MOST COMMON CHINESE CHARACTERS FEBRUARY 27, 2010 MIN MIN 60 COMMENTS From past to present, there is no accurate counting of Chinese characters. Depending upon how one counts variants, 50,000+ is a good approximation for the current total number. However, it is generally accepted that one needs to know between 2,000 to 3500 characters for basic literacy in Chinese (for example, to read a Chinese newspaper), and a well-educated person will know well in excess of 4,000 to 5,000 characters. There have been several attempt to identify the most frequently used Chinese characters.  In 1988,  the Chinese government has published a list of the 3,500 most frequently used Simplified Chinese characters : 现代汉语常用字表 (“List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese”). As you may notice, each daily character post found in this website includes the usage of the character. The usage/frequency that I used in this website is based on the statistic found in here :  Frequency Statistics 频率统计 To maximize the speed to achieve reading literacy, the student should learn the most commonly used characters first. According to a survey on the current situation of Chinese language, to understand 90% of the content in Chinese publications, students have to learn only about 900 Chinese characters and 11,000 phrases/words Chinese characters should not be confused with Chinese words. Most Chinese words are written with one or more characters; each character representing one syllable. Knowing the meanings of the individual characters of a word will often allow the general meaning of the word to be inferred, but this is not invariably the case. Here are the 100 most frequently used characters that we have learnt, making up around 40% of the usage of Chinese. CharacterUsagePinyinPronunciationDate/Link 1的95.9de 04-Sep-2009 2一94.3yī 11-Jul-2009 3是93.0shì 28-Jul-2009 4不91.8bù 08-May-2009 5了90.7le 30-Jun-2009 6在89.7zài 16-Sep-2009 7人88.7rén 29-Jun-2009 8有87.8yǒu 23-Feb-2010 9我86.9wǒ 21-May-2009 10他86.1tā 25-May-2009 11这85.3zhè 03-Aug-2009 12个84.7gè 31-Jul-2009 13们84.1men 29-May-2009 14中83.5zhōng 02-Nov-2009 15来82.9lái 05-Jun-2009 16上82.4shàng 12-May-2009 17大81.8dà 02-Sep-2009 18为81.3wèi 03-Nov-2009 19和80.8hé 04-Nov-2009 20国80.3guó 09-Nov-2009 21地79.8dì 20-Nov-2009 22到79.3dào 27-Nov-2009 23以78.8yǐ 09-Dec-2009 24说78.4shuō 05-Nov-2009 25时77.9shí 10-Nov-2009 26要77.5yào 30-Oct-2009 27就77.1jiù 18-Dec-2009 28出76.7chū 18-Sep-2009 29会76.3huì 11-Nov-2009 30可76.0kě 12-Nov-2009 31也75.6yě 03-Jun-2009 32你75.2nǐ 22-May-2009 33对74.9duì 13-Nov-2009 34生74.5shēng 30-Jul-2009 35能74.2néng 30-Nov-2009 36而73.8ér 07-Jan-2010 37子73.5zǐ 24-Feb-2010 38那73.2nà 04-Aug-2009 39得72.8dé 11-Dec-2009 40于72.5yú 08-Feb-2010 41着72.2zhe 01-Dec-2009 42下71.9xià 13-May-2009 43自71.6zì 26-Jan-2010 44之71.2zhī 20-Jan-2010 45年70.9nián 07-Sep-2009 46过70.6guò 19-Nov-2009 47发70.3fā 23-Nov-2009 48后70.0hòu 19-Jun-2009 49作69.8zuò 24-Jun-2009 50里69.5lǐ 09-Feb-2010 51用69.2yòng 25-Jan-2010 52道68.9dào 18-Feb-2010 53行68.7xíng 23-Oct-2009 54所68.4suǒ 15-Feb-2010 55然68.1rán 05-Feb-2010 56家67.9jiā 14-Aug-2009 57种67.6zhòng 11-Jan-2010 58事67.3shì 01-Feb-2010 59成67.1chéng 28-Jan-2010 60方66.8fāng 24-Nov-2009 61多66.6duō 17-Nov-2009 62经66.3jīng 10-Feb-2010 63么66.1me 23-Jul-2009 64去65.8qù 12-Aug-2009 65法65.5fǎ 10-Dec-2009 66学65.4xué 29-Jul-2009 67如65.1rú 12-Jan-2010 68都64.9dōu 04-Jun-2009 69同64.7tóng 16-Nov-2009 70现64.4xiàn 04-Jan-2010 71当64.2dāng 25-Feb-2010 72没64.0méi 22-Feb-2010 73动63.8dòng 07-Dec-2009 74面63.6miàn 17-Dec-2009 75起63.3qǐ 22-Jan-2010 76看63.1kàn 20-Aug-2009 77定62.9dìng 05-Jan-2010 78天62.7tiān 17-Jun-2009 79分62.5fēn 19-Jan-2010 80还62.3hái 06-Jan-2010 81进62.0jìn 17-Sep-2009 82好61.8hǎo 04-May-2009 83小61.6xiǎo 03-Sep-2009 84部61.4bù 12-Feb-2010 85其61.2qí 04-Dec-2009 86些61.0xiē 03-Feb-2010 87主60.8zhǔ 29-Jan-2010 88样60.6yàng 08-Jan-2010 89理60.4lǐ 27-Jan-2010 90心60.2xīn 26-Nov-2009 91她60.0tā 26-May-2009 92本59.8běn 08-Dec-2009 93前59.6qián 18-Jun-2009 94开59.4kāi 25-Nov-2009 95但59.2dàn 02-Dec-2009 96因59.0yīn 15-Jan-2010 97只58.8zhǐ 03-Dec-2009 98从58.6cóng 06-Nov-2009 99想58.4xiǎng 18-Aug-2009 100实58.2shí 14-Dec-2009

ряд А - СА  ます-формаて-формасловарнаяформаない-формаた-форма 会います[ ともだちに～ ]あいますあってあうあわないあった встречать [друга] 遊びますあそびますあそんであそぶあそばないあそんだ играть 洗いますあらいますあらってあらうあらわないあらった мыть あリますあリますあってある―ないあった быть, иметься あリますあリますあってある―ないあった быть, существовать ( неодуш ) あリます[ おまつりが～ ]あリますあってある―ないあった быть, проводиться [праздник] 歩きます[ みちを～ ]あるきますあるいてあるくあるかないあるいた ходить [по дороге] 言いますいいますいっていういわないいった сказать 行きますいきますいっていくいかないいった идти 急ぎますいそぎますいそいでいそぐいそがないいそいだ спешить 要リます[ ビザが～ ]いリますいっているいらないいった надобиться [виза] 動きます[ とけいが～ ]うごきますうごいでうごくうごかないうごいた двигаться, работать [часы] 歌いますうたいますうたってうたううたわないうたった петь 売リますうりますうってうるうらないうった продавать 置きますおきますおいておくおかないおいた класть 送リますおくリますおくっておくるおくらないおくった посылать 送リます[ ひとを～ ]おくリますおくっておくるおくらないおくった провожать [человека] 押しますおしますおしておすおさないおした нажимать, толкать 思いますおもいますおもっておもうおもわないおもった думать 思い出しますおもいだしますおもいだしておもいだすおもいださないおもいだ вспоминать 泳ぎますおよぎますおよいでおよぐおよがないおよいだ плавать 終わリますおわリますおわっておわるおわらないおわった заканчиваться 買いますかいますかってかうかわないかった покупать 返しますかえしますかえしてかえすかえさないかえした возвращать 帰リますかえリますかえってかえるかえらないかえった возвращаться (домой) かかリますかかリますかかってかかるかからないかかった занимать, требовать (в времени, затратах) 書きますかきますかいてかくかかないかいた писать 貸しますかしますかしてかすかさないかした давать в долг 勝ちますかちますかってかつかたないかった побеждать かぶリます[ ぼうしを～ ]かぶリますかぶってかぶるかぶらないかぶった надевать [головной убор] 聞きますききますきいてきくきかないきいた слушать 聞きます[ せんせいに～ ]ききますきいてきくきかないきいた спрашивать (у учителя) 切リますきリますきってきるきらないきった резать 消しますけしますけしてけすけさないけした выключать 触リます[ ドアに～ ]さわリますさわってさわるさわらないさわった дотрагиваться (до двери) 知リますしリますしってしるしらないしった узнавать 吸います[ たばこを～ ]すいますすってすうすわないすった курить (сигарету) 住みますすみますすんですむすまないすんだ жить 座リますすわリますすわってすわるすわらないすわった садиться ряд ТА - ВА  ます-формаて-формасловарнаяформаない-формаた-форма 立ちますたちますたってたつたたないたった вставать 出します[ てがみを～ ]だしますだしてだすださないだした отправлять (письмо) 出しますだしますだしてだすださないだした доставать, вынимать, выдвигать 出します[ レポートを～ ]だしますだしてだすださないだした сдавать (доклад) 使いますつかいますつかってつかうつかわないつかった использовать 着きます[ えきに～ ]つきますついてつくつかないついた прибывать (на станцию) 作リます,造リますつくリますつくってつくるつくらないつくった делать, изготавливать 連れて行きますつれていきますつれていってつれていくつれていかないつれていった брать с собой (кого-нибудь) 手伝いますてつだいますてつだっててつだうてつだわないてつだった помогать 泊まリます[ ホテルに～ ]とまリますとまってとまるとまらないとまった останавливаться (в гостинице) 取リますとリますとってとるとらないとった брать 撮ります[ しゃしんを～ ]とリますとってとるとらないとった снимать (на фото) 取リます[ としを～ ]とリますとってとるとらないとった стареть 直しますなおしますなおしてなおすなおさないなおした исправлять, чинить なくしますなくしますなくしてなくすなくさないなくした терять 習いますならいますならってならうならわないならった изучать なリますなリますなってなるならないなった становиться 脱ぎますぬぎますぬいでぬぐぬがないぬいだ снимать, раздеваться 登リます[ やまに～ ]のぼリますのぼってのぼるのぼらないのぼった забираться (на гору) 飲みますのみますのんでのむのまないのんだ пить 飲みます[ くすリを～ ]のみますのんでのむのまないのんだ; принимать (лекарство) 乗リます[ でんしゃに～ ]のリますのってのるのら | ないのった садиться, ехать (на поезде) 入リます[ きっさてんに～ ]はいリますはいってはいるはいらないはいった входить (в кафе) 入リます[ だいがくに～ ]はいリますはいってはいるはいらないはいった поступать (в университет) 入リます[ おふろに～ ]はいりますはいってはいるはいらないはいった принимать (ванну) はきます[ くつを～ ]はきますはいてはくはかないはいた надевать, носить (обувь, брюки) 働きますはたらきますはたらいてはたらくはたらかないはたらいた работать 弾きますひきますひいてひくひかないひいた играть (на струнных инструментах, пианино и т.д.) 引きますひきますひいてひくひかないひいた тянуть 降リます[ あめが～ ]ふりますふってふるふらないふった выпадать, идти (осадки) 払いますはらいますはらってはらうはらわないはらった платить 話しますはなしますはなしてはなすはなさないはなした говорить 曲がリます[ みぎヘ～ ]まがリますまがってまがるまがらないまがった заворачивать (направо) 待ちますまちますまってまつまたないまった ждать 回しますまわしますまわしてまわすまわさないまわした поворачивать, вертеть 持ちますもちますもってもつもたないもった держать 詩って行きますもっていきますもっていってもっていくもっていかないもっていった уносить, брать с собой (что-нибудь) もらいますもらいますもらってもらうもらわないもらった получать 役に立ちますやくにたちますやくにたってやくにたつやくにたたないやくにたった пригождаться, быть полезным 休みますやすみますやすんでやすむやすまないやすんだ отдыхать, брать отпуск 休みます[ かいしゃを～ ]やすみますやすんでやすむやすまないやすんだ пропускать, брать отгул (на работе) 呼びますよびますよんでよぶよばないよんだ звать 読みますよみますよんでよむよまないよんだ читать わかリますわかリますわかってわかるわからないわかった понимать, знать 波リます[ はしを～ ]わたリますわたってわたるわたらないわたった переходить (по мосту)

A "short list" of the best Chinese study resources available to help those new to online/electronic resources to get off the ground. DictionariesOnline Reading Assistant (instant pinyin and definition while you browse)AdsotransNew, Improved and Awesome AdsotransPopup Chinese Translator extension for Firefoxpopjisyo.comRikai.comOnline DictionariesYellowBridge Chinese English DictionaryChinesePod Dictionary (sentences w/ recordings)Dict.cn Dictionary, English/Chinese searchable dictionary with many example sentences in English and Chinese.Xiaoma Cidian is a dictionary searchable by English, Character and Pinyin, and also has links to other helpful word lists. [S]MDBG Dictionary is an all-around dictionaryGuoyu Dictionary, commercial-level traditional Chinese-based dictionary maintained by Taiwan Department of Education, with large number of word entries and detailed definitions.Classical Chinese Dictionary (A) [T]Specialized Chinese Dictionaries [S]Zhongwen.com, good radical/stem derivation diagrams fro exploring the relationship between characters (in traditional character)Online Dictionaries that support screen (mouse) character writingnciku.com - a new tool based on UniHanA Java tool from Chinese-Tools.comOffline (instant pinyin and definition for offline text reading)Dimsum (provides pop-up definition for both websites and offline texts; uses Java, should run on PC/Mac/and more)PlecoDict (Palm/PocketPC; US$99.95 for version with John deFrancis's excellent ABC dictionary, allows for a instant definition while reading on your PDA - works the best with TealDoc on Palm; excellent full-featured flashcard system). See discussion.Wakan Free mouse-over pop-up dictionary for all windows applications.Wenlin, US$199, with academic discounts possible; PC/Mac; includes the ABC dictionary; provides mouse-over pinyin and definitions and unique features such as one-click searches for all characters containing a component or all phrases containing a character. (G) [S,T]NJStar (mainly a word processor, but version 5.0 also has a teaching mode which provides pop-up definitions and automated vocabulary list generator; demo version is fully functional, but need to pay for registration for all features, including the full dictionary)HanConv: converts between Chinese characters to pinyin and romanized Cantonese, and convert between Simplified and Traditional Chinese charactersPuku: converts between Chinese character to pinyin on Microsoft Pocket PC. Freeware made by a non-profit Putonghua advocate group.Powerword: The most commonly used pop-up translator software in China. More geared towards native Chinese speakers learning English but is perhaps the most efficient Chinese-English mouse-over translator combined with a user-created CEDICT dictionary add-on found here.For more on electronic dictionaries, see this discussion and this.For more on mouse-over/pop-up dictionaries, see this discussion.PABLO (Windows): Freeware Chinese-English dictionary, with handwriting recognition, stroke animations and great search features.Test PreparationPopup Chinese - sample HSK test exercises at three levels of difficulty (beginner, intermediate, advanced).Tones[list]SpeakGoodChinese (program for training tone pronunciation, see discussion)Start from Pinyin: Alphabet of Pinyin (with .wav audio)Mandarin Chinese Pronunciation Guide (no audio)Pinyin Practice (

Romanization ExplainedPinyin WikiMore here...GrammarChinesePod (grammar guide, or podcasts with grammar points).Chinese Usage Dictionary.Listening MaterialPopup Chinese - free podcast lessons, HSK tests and annotated texts and transcripts with mouseover popups. Focus on standard Beijing dialect.Chinese as a Second Language Podcasts.Podcast with free transcripts from Nankai University.Chinese Voices, collection of short, engaging mini-essays with accompanying audio for intermediate students.CCTV Travel in Chinese (teaches you Chinese with a travel theme; transcript available on website). See this discussion.CCTV's "Economics Half Hour" 《经济半小时》: videos (click on the little icon after the titles) and transcripts of many shows are available on the site. A little like a more commercialized version of "60 Minutes." The show covers many subjects, not just the economy, despite its name.ChinesePod.comChina Radio International beginning Chinese listening materials (with pinyin and English transcripts). See discussion.Chinese subtitles/script for Chinese movies (for movies that you may have downloaded from lib.verycd.com). See discussion.Online audio lessons (I)Chinese Radio OnlineChinese Television OnlineRadio Free AsiaChinesePod (learning community & podcasts)More listening resources: see this discussion.Reading MaterialChinese Text Sampler (texts graded by difficulty level) (linked through anonymouse.org due to site being blocked by the Great Firewall)NewsInChinese.comCollection of writings by famous modern authors such as Lu Xun, Su Tong, and Wang XiaoboFlashcards/VocabularySoftwarejMemorize, Supermemo-like flashcard system that keeps track of your study historyMyChineseFlashCards: nice open-source Chinese flashcard program (Mac, PC, Linux)See PlecoDict aboveZhongwen Development Tool, java-based cross platform (Windows, Mac, Linux). Open Source.PINGRID (Windows): Freeware vocabulary training game. Based on spaced repetitions and 100% geared towards Chinese vocabulary.Specific FlashcardsIntegrated Chinese Level 1, with about 1154 words (simplified characters)David & HelenNew Practical Chinese ReaderMost frequently used character listHanyu Shuipin Kaoshi (HSK; Chinese Achievement Test) vocabulary list-> Mnemosyne/Anki format, TSV format, Supermemo format, KVoctrain/Parley formatLists of most frequently used words phrases in literature and news250 Most Common IdiomsList of common Chinese names and translation of foreign namesFlashcardExchangeYellowBridge FlashcardsStudy ToolsHanyu College: Animated dialogues, karaoke, radio, and advanced readings (B,I,A) [S]DimSum: offline reading tool with annotation, dictionary (I,A) [S,T]University of Oxford Multi-Media Language Course (B,I)Read Mandarin - Learn to Read Chinese : Very useful website created by Daniel for learning characters (B, +pronunciation audio files) [S]ConvertersSimplified to TraditionalTraditional to SimplifiedLanguage PartnersFind a Chinese chat partner with QQ (a popular instant message program in China). See discussion.Meet Language Partners OnlineLangExSharedtalk.comGamesChinese Memory Card GameChinese Squabble http://pirate.shu.ed...guage_games.htmhttp://qi-journal.co...inConcentrationhttp://www.flyordie.com/games-cn.htmlhttp://trc.ucdavis.e...ob/gamelist.htmhttp://www.shareup.c...load-47158.html (PC only)OtherMandarin Slang (Wikipedia)Mandarin-Cantonese Term ConverterHanzismatter exposes the misuse of Chinese charactersSignese exposes characters in action

Learn Any Language in 6 Months Topics: How To, Japan, Language Read Time: 15 minutes By utilizing techniques such as spaced repetition, complete immersion, and prioritized learning, I’m confident that anyone can learn any language to conversational fluency in six months or less.  I started learning Japanese in November of 2008 and within two months I had learned the meaning of 2000+ kanji, and within six I was having conversations with strangers at rock concerts (cute Japanese girls!). I’m not trying to glorify myself here either – I’m a particularly weak-willed person and getting motivated for me often involves a literal act of God. Language learning has been put on a golden pedestal for most people, achievable only for the super-intelligent. Because of this false imagery and a bad case of failure-leading-to-lack-of-motivation seen in high school language classes, very few people achieve any real success. But if you are simply willing to put in the time, you too can have interesting conversations with people from distant lands. Step X: Prepare Your Mind You can do it. Believe and have faith, this is the first and most important step. I know it sounds cheesy and motivational, but it’s true. Decide that you want to learn a foreign language and commit yourself to it. Imprint it to your mind and imagine yourself already at the goal. The most successful people are the ones who can best visualize their goals, and they don’t let excuses prevent them from reaching their goals – they find a way get around them. Understand that you’ll encounter barriers preventing and hindering you from reaching the goal, but decide beforehand that you’ll find a way to overcome them. Step X: Learn the Characters of Your Target Language For languages with alphabets differing drastically from English (Chinese, Japanese, Hindu, Arabic, etc.), learn the alphabet first. This shouldn’t take more than a day or two when using an SRS (I’ll explain what this is in a moment). For Chinese, Japanese, and languages with characterized written languages, I suggest familiarizing yourself with the meanings of characters before learning their pronunciation. This may seem counter-intuitive at first, but there’s a reason. Essentially there are three parts to a character – meaning, pronunciation, and the written character. By skipping pronunciation you can simplify the learning process and familiarize yourself with characters faster than by trying to memorize two things at once. Check out Charles Heisig’s books – “Remembering the Kanji” or “Remembering the Hanzi” for learning characters and further discourse supporting this method. Step X: Using an SRS (Spaced Repetition Software), Make Native Sentence Cards SRS is a flashcard-like computer program which allows you to create digital flash cards and study them in the most efficient manner possible. Basically, our memory works best when we repeat items that we want to learn. Just like when you repeat the chorus of your favorite song twenty times on your iPod, SRS imprints the facts into your mind by repetition. But the problem with conventional flashcards is that you end up studying the difficult cards with the same frequency as the easy ones, wasting your precious time. Using an SRS solves this problem by automatically repeating the cards at the optimum time interval. Difficult cards get seen more often than easy ones, and you learn your language faster. The SRS I use is called Anki, and I highly recommend it. Now that we have the right tool for memorization, we need to know how to use it for maximum effect. From personal experience I’ve found that learning complete sentences, even if they are small, is the best way to study a language. Cognitive reasoning is one of our most powerful tools here. The brain easily takes phrases and pieces them together to create sentences and communicate ideas. Don’t study vocabulary by itself as this is a waste of time. All you have to do is fill your mind with example structures of everyday sentences in your target language, and your mind will automatically fill in the necessary vocabulary and verb conjugations. Example flash card from my Anki deck (you may need Japanese text support enabled): Front: 映画を見た人は誰？ Back: えいがをみたひとはだれ？ Who is person who watched movie? There are a few things to take notice of in this example. First, I didn’t worry about “translating” the sentence into English. As long as I can understand the meaning it doesn’t matter. Second, the sentence is short and simple. Linguist Dr. Stephen Krashen suggests the “i + 1″ method, where you add one new item to your knowledge. Try to never make a card with two new words in it.  Thirdly, the sentence is native. I don’t remember where I got it, but it’s not an English thought translated into Japanese, it’s real Japanese from a native Japanese source. A dictionary with good examples sentences is one of the best sources for word-specific native material.  Thinking in L1 (your mother tongue) and trying to translate to L2 (target language) is detrimental. Learn to think like a native by imitation, just like a baby! Step X: Complete Immersion: Input Before Output Another deciding factor for success is immersion. Complete immersion. If you want to learn this langauge, really learn it, then you have to spend every waking moment in it. Most people fail at learning new languages because they simply don’t spend enough time in L2. Taking classes is especially deceptive because they make you feel like you’re learning, when in fact your going at a snail’s pace. I got straight As in my High School Spanish class, but when I took a trip down to Mexico City I realized just how valuable my two years of study were worth: NIL. I was one of the best students in my class, and I still couldn’t handle the most basic Spanish conversations. Every aspect of your life should be entrenched in your target language. Do you use the internet? Download your internet browser in L2. Do you read the newspaper? Find a way to get it in L2. Do you have a smartphone? Switch the default language to L2. Watch movies in L2. Listen to L2 music exclusively. Every aspect of your life from now on should be done in the language you want to learn. If you want it bad enough you’ll find a way. “But I don’t live in country X!” “How can I be completely immersed with all this English around me?!” – I feel this is one of the biggest language myths ever. You don’t need to live in France to learn French. You don’t need to live in China to learn Chinese. You don’t need to live in Latin America to learn Latin. Wait a second… that’s not right. Anyway, there are plenty of resources available to you (many for free) where you can get a life-like immersion experience without a 10 hour plane ride. Granted that the real immersion experience is better, but I can surf YouTube for hours and get nearly the same native language exposure as somebody who lives in Japan. There is no need to worry about understanding the language right away. Complete immersion means you won’t understand everything, and that’s okay. Listen even when you don’t understand. It usually takes babies a year of listening before they start talking, and as adults we have the advantage because we can already think logically and don’t have to figure out our vocal chords. Don’t force output. It will probably take months of high quality input before you’ll feel comfortable speaking. I feel this is a major flaw in modern teaching methods, and one of many reasons to avoid the classroom. Many college professors expect their students to produce native-like sentences after the first few lessons! Their theory is that you should make mistakes often so that they can be corrected, leading to a better understanding of the language. Bull. Mistakes only create bad habits and confusion. Learn it right the first time and you don’t have to worry about it. Output should feel natural and mistakes should be avoided at all costs; don’t be in a big rush to speak. Recommended Inputs: Listen to free audio-book downloads before going to bed. When was the last time someone read you a bedtime story? It’s incredibly relaxing. Always carry an L2 book with you. Everywhere. Audio-books in conjunction with paper books are awesome when you want to learn pronunciation. Computer programs with any clout will have a slew of language options. Switch them to your L2. Buy an iPod touch or smartphone and download the Anki app and a dictionary. You’ll be able to study your flash cards anywhere. Think in L2. Whenever I thought a thought in English, I did my best to rethink it in Japanese. Eat your country’s cuisine. Life revolves around food in most countries, so being accustomed to and knowledgeable about native foods will give you an automatic “in” when visiting. YouTube Movies – but DO NOT use English subtitles! They’re a crutch that prevent you from diving into the language fully. Step X: Prioritize A typical unabridged Chinese character dictionary will have more than 40,000 independent entries. It would take a lifetime to familiarize yourself with all of these characters, but thankfully languages follow the rule of 80/20, a.k.a. the Pareto Principle.  What this means is roughly 20% of those characters are used 80% of the time. A well-educated Chinese student will recognize upwards of 7,000 characters, and reading a newspaper may require a working knowledge of 3,000 characters [1]. We can find the same thing in English – “The Reading Teachers Book of Lists claims that the first 25 words make up about one-third of all printed material in English, and that the first 100 make up about one-half of all written material [2].” Using an SRS like Anki and a dictionary with good example sentences, the initial effort of memorizing 100 words should take three days at most. Three days for 50% comprehension! I know I know, that number is slightly overstated because many of those 100 words are lemmas (more than one word – like “is” can be “He was”, “I am”, “You are” etc.), but you see the point I’m trying to make right? By learning the common words first, you quickly increase your effective comprehension of the language. Note: You can find the first 3000 common Japanese words in this post. Step X: Make it Fun; Choose Material Comparable to Your Current Interests Beyond the first 500 words or so, I suggest learning interest-specific or field-specific vocabulary. Take the things you currently do in L1, and do them in L2. Find a way to make an L2 copy of your current self. Language learning isn’t difficult, but it does take focused effort over a long period of time. If you want to make this endeavor sustainable, and it must be sustainable, it sure as hell better be fun. Like any good drug addiction, you want to keep coming back to it again and again. I treat myself to a cup of coffee or tasty drink every time I do my SRS reps. When I was studying in Japan, I completed an introductory program for the PA-10 Mitsubishi robotic arm. It involved learning basic robotic arm control, which was comprised of creating a computer program from scratch, solving inverse kinematics problems, and a mother trucker load of questions for my Japanese lab-mates. In order to communicate effectively I had to learn some of the technical jargon associated with robotics. Now I’m pretty confident using words like 逆魚列 (inverse matrix), 再起動 (restart), 軸線 (shaft axis), 運動学 (kinematics), and 機械工学 (Mechanical Engineering). This kind of vocabulary would be useless for anyone else, even most Japanese, but it was essential for me and my situation. Step X: Goal Setting – Small and Achievable with Consistency

During my most intense period of learning Japanese, I bought this calendar for 100 Yen ($1) at a thrift store and used it as a daily visual reminder of my goal to become fluent. Each day I accomplished my (small) goal, I took a big red marker and made an X on the day. The sense of accomplishment I felt after each X’d day helped to create even more momentum for the next day. Learning a language takes a lot of effort, so keep your goals small and achievable while finding ways to keep them sustainable over long periods of time. A small effort every day for a month is far more productive than three days of caffeine-induced cramming. After a few days of studying you’ll become more aware of your physical limitations; it’s at that point you want to create a daily goal. Make your goal achievable, but somewhat of a stretch. Too easy and you’ll end up cutting yourself short, too hard and you’ll get disappointed by failure. The key is long-term sustainability. In contrast to this, don’t put an extended timeline on your goal to become fluent. When you’re first starting out you shouldn’t worry about when you’ll arrive at your goal, or make baseless assumptions about how long it should take you to acquire a 10,000 word vocabulary. Yes I know, the title of this post is “Learn any language in 6 months”,  but it may take some people longer and others shorter. Just start walking the road and have a surprise party when you get to the end. Step X: Never Stop Learning I attempt to live my life in such a way that I’m always exposing myself to new ideas and attaining new knowledge. But at the same time, I make an effort to not forget the things I’ve already learned. Learning a new language is an exciting and fulfilling experience, but not quite as fulfilling ten years from now when you’ve forgotten everything you’ve learned. The initial effort of learning is long and tough, but the fun kind of tough, and similar to getting a freight train moving. The power you need to start is immense, but as soon as you’re moving, it’s not too hard to keep going. Many people are willing to put forth the effort to get the train started, but don’t quite realize that the train will eventually come to a slow stop if they don’t keep shoveling the coal. Step X: Further Reading and Resources ajatt.com – All Japanese All the Time dot com.  This is the blog that inspired me to pursue fluency in Japanese and provided the resources and ideas that are making it possible.  Purveyor of the 10,000 sentence method: learn 10,000 sentences in an SRS to achieve native-like fluency.  Major props. antimoon.com – Polish pioneers of the SRS/sentence learning method.  These guys learned English to college level fluency in 3 years using their method. How to Learn Any Language in 3 Months – Author Tim Ferriss wrote an enlightening article that directly inspired my writing this post.  Hence, credit is due.  Our content is similar in many ways, but disagree with him on some points.  I encourage reading his post also to gain a broader perspective on language learning. Anki – The free SRS that makes it all possible.  I suggest watching the Intro Videos to get a better understanding of the concept. Supermemo Articles – Supermemo, the original SRS, was created by Dr. Wozniak who has written not-a-few articles about SRSing, memory, and acquiring knowledge.  Recommended reading: 20 Rules and Memory Myths. Fascinating stuff. Do you have any language acquisition stories?  Failure/Success stories?  Discussion and idea-sharing are encouraged, so post a comment!

So, here is a list of about 10 things to do (and not do), in order to Japanize your environment.1. Music: Japanese onlyPut away the Avril Lavigne. Sell the CDs on EBay; give them to a Japanese friend who’s learning English. Whatever, just get rid of it. Delete the mp3s. Don’t “put aside” your non-Japanese music; that includes the Manu Chao; I don’t care if he sings in English, Spanish *and* French; it’s irrelevant. Destroy it. I know this is harsh, but it’s something you have to do. Why destroy it? Because if you don’t, you will listen to it in a moment of weakness or nostalgia (you’re all: “(sigh) I remember when I understood the lyrics in the songs I listened to, those were the days”); it could lead to weeks of regression, or even destroy your immersion program altogether. Replace it all with Japanese music: music by Japanese *in* Japanese. It’s best not to even “do it in stages”, just go cold turkey. Even if you have so little Japanese music that you have to keep repeating the same song, then that’s a good thing! Repetition is the mother of skill, remember? Let go of the non-Japanese bands; there are plenty of Japanese bands that have the sound and feel you’re looking for.Not only should you exclude languages other than Japanese from your life, but you should actively include Japanese music with you wherever you go. If you don’t yet have a portable music player, acquire one, and where it around with you *everywhere*. If you are not in an important conversation with someone who does not speak Japanese, then you should be listening to your Japanese music.2. Movies: Japanese onlyMovies that are not in Japanese no longer exist to you. Now, fortunately, you can get Hollywood movies dubbed into Japanese atwww.amazon.jp (be sure to check the item details, especially for movies more than 5-10 years old, since these may be Japanese-subtitled but not dubbed).Don’t use your significant other as an excuse. “But we have to spend time together”, you say. Bollocks. Take a walk together and hold hands, but make sure to be listening to Japanese music on your portable player; come on, let’s be honest, you don’t really want to hear what they have to say anyhow

(joking)! And don’t let your friends or family make fun of you or browbeat you into going along to see the latest mindless flick with them. Don’t let them tell you that you “have to unplug sometimes”; they’re full of crap; they’re only saying that to get you to go along. Don’t let them tell you “you can do it later”. Will they be there for you when your Japanese sucks because you didn’t practice because you were always “going to do it later”? Do your friends know Japanese fluently? Probably not. Because if they did, they would understand why you need to do what you need to do, and they wouldn’t try to dissuade you from it. If they do know Japanese fluently, then they should know better than to attempt to strip you away from the very thing that got them fluent: constant practice.Be strong. Your friends and family will make fun of you for a while, but just hold on. In the short-term, they may not seem to like you unless you do what they want. But it in the long run, they’ll respect you more than if you’d just given in to their pressure. They may say horrible things to you: “Do you think you’re better than us? Do you value the advice of random people on the Internet more than that of your real world friends and family? Do you think you’re Japanese or something?” to which you may reply under your breath: “actually, I do”.3. TV: Japanese onlyUnless you live in an area with a large Japanese community, there may not be Japanese TV available. But you never know. Check with your local cable/satellite provider. Failing live TV, even if there’s only a small Japanese community, there may be a Japanese store in your area. More likely than not, that store sells/rents tapes of Japanese television, complete with commercials. You want to patronize that store and buy some tapes. Failing that, there’s always Ebay, YouTube and even (shudder) BitTorrent.One of the cool things about Japanese TV is some of the most popular American TV shows (and even some of the good ones) are dubbed in Japanese, including 24, Monk, CSI (all cities), Friends, Full House (the worst show in human history) and many more.Whatever your sources, get some Japanese TV arrangement going, and have it playing constantly. Like me, you may not even watch TV. But when it comes to Japanese, and only Japanese, you have the permission to be a couch potato. Or a couch carrot: lighter and leaner than a potato, but still a bit vegetative.4. Radio: Japanese onlyAgain, unless you live in an area with a large Japanese community, there may not be Japanese radio available. Not a problem. That’s what the Internet is for. Sometimes, running Japanese TV could be distracting for you. But you can listen to radio and podcasts while you cook. Get some (ask me if you want to know specific places).In the case of both TV and radio, don’t worry if you can’t understand it all. The point initially is not for you to get everything that’s going on. The point is for you to have it turned on, and playing. At first, you probably won’t understand a single word. Then you’ll start picking up single words. Then you’ll start picking up sentences. Then you’ll start picking up scenes. After some time, you’ll be able to watch and understand it all. It may take a while (many months), but stay patient and let the bright colors, shiny objects and detergent commercials entertain you.5. Computer/Internet: Japanese onlyDo it. Do it now. As far as possible, only visit Japanese websites. Need to check your favorite website? Check the Japanese version instead. Need to check the news? No, you don’t

. In addition to original Japanese websites, there are Japanese-language versions of several of the most popular English webpages, including Yahoo, Wired, CNN and Slashdot.What operating system do you use? Better get the Japanese version.What’s your browser’s homepage? Better make it a Japanese one.Tip: enter a JapaneseURL into the box on http://www.hiragana.jp/, and it will add kana pronunciation aids (furigana) to the kanji.6. Friends: Japanese onlyOK, this is as harsh as they get, but you’re going to need to work on your social circle. I’m not saying that you should kick out non-Japanese-speaking people from your life, but you should definitely surround yourself with Japanese speakers.Sometimes you can’t always be with your real-life Japanese friends, so when you’re alone, your Japanese friends are the singers and actors you watch and listen to.7. Walls: Japanese onlyWhat is on the walls around you? You need some Japanese posters and signs. If you’re in the kanji-studying phase, then there’s this cool poster of all 2000 odd General Use Kanji; at $24 it isn’t cheap, but in the spirit of “discipline is remembering what you want”, I think it’s a valuable reminder. I had one on my wall. You could also make your own poster by filling in each kanji you acquire. Whatever you do, Japanese the walls of your home.8. Food: Japanese onlyThe Japanese restaurants I know of are expensive. Maybe you can visit them only once in a while. You could also visit Japanese food shops, buy the ingredients, and cook your own food. You don’t know how to use the ingredients? Just ask the shopkeepers (or your friends) about what to cook.Also, whatever kind of food you eat, eat it with chopsticks. I started using only chopsticks years before going to Japan. Don’t be intimidated, they aren’t hard to use. Plus, you can almost eat anything solid with chopsticks: rice, cake, ice-cream. So use them! Again, you may earn the ridicule of those around you, but just grin and bear it. Since moving to Japan, it’s dawned on me that the chopsticks thing wasn’t just a psychological tool and it wasn’t just for getting attention. It really is a social skill; outside of Japan, they may be rare, but in Japan everything comes with chopsticks; you need to know how to use them.9. Floor and Furniture: Japanese onlyThis is similar to the chopsticks suggestion. Again, before moving to Japan, I thought I was just being kitsch by doing this, but it turns out (again) that in addition to reminding you of your goal (Japanese fluency) this is actually an important social skill. Japan very much remains a floor-centered society.Use Japanese-style furnishing in your home. You don’t necessarily need to go out and buy new furniture to do this, and even if you do, it needn’t be expensive. All you need is a low table (zataku, 座卓) to sit at. Low enough that you can sit on the floor with a cushion (seiza, 正座) and use it.You should also sleep on the floor on a futon; if you don’t have one, you can lay down a duvet/comforter and sleep on that. Anyway, the point is: sleep and work close to the ground. Outside of offices, almost everything in Japan is low, close to the ground (private homes, restaurants, etc.) You’d do well to get used to it sooner rather than later. If you’ve been working high off the ground until now, this may take some getting used to, but the more you do it, the easier it gets. The task doesn’t change; you do.10. Brain/Thoughts: Japanese onlyLast but not least, your brain. You probably have thoughts and some of them might be in words and those words might be in a language that is not Japanese. Well, that won’t do. My method for changing the language of thought, the “inner monologue” if you will, was to carry around a Japanese dictionary (electronic) with me. Whenever I was walking, if I had a non-Japanese thought, I would look up the words in a dictionary, and then re-think the thought in Japanese instead. I now have an inner monologue mostly in Japanese, except when I’m speaking or writing English. Don’t feel silly — it’s worth it. Surrounding yourself with Japanese should eventually Japanize your thoughts anyway, but this forces it to happen sooner.Anyway, as always, go out and have fun doing Japanese! Take control of what goes into your brain, and your brain will reward you handsomely.

One part of AJATT is to listen to as much Japanese as possible be it music, TV, or anime. Basically, always listen to something even if it is white noise. I had a talk with someone over instant messenger about this. They were having the same problems I had when I started trying the whole 24 hours of Japanese audio. It hurt after a while. When I was starting I literally got headaches after listening to a couple of hours of Japanese because it wasn’t white noise yet. I was actively trying to listen and do other things.One thing we can do with our native language is listen for hours without actually hearing what is being said. That is the goal with turning Japanese to white noise. However, it does come with some difficulties because at first we aren’t used to hearing it so it really messes with our brains when it is pure words. Music is fairly easy for our brain to process as white noise since it is rhythmic. Conversation and narration on the other hand is hard and coarse so we need to ease into it.I can now listen to Japanese conversation with little to no problems keeping it as white noise with no ill effects. Here is some of what I did to do that.Watch anime while doing other stuff – This sucked to some degree because I kept wanting to watch the anime, but it had an interesting side effect. I would tune in and out of the show allowing my brain to force the Japanese to white noise. Gradually over time this helped train my brain that it is okay to have Japanese as white noise.Learning Japanese Podcasts – Podcasts like JapanesePod101 really helped too because they will speak both English and Japanese during the show so it is another way to help your brain make the transition to allowing Japanese be white noise. Key is you have to listen to the show as white noise.Brute Force – At the end of the day the goal is hearing Japanese and putting it as white noise so another thing I did was short sessions of audio. I would launch a conversation rich J-Drama and minimize it while programming, and when the episode was over turn on some music. That way it gives bursts of conversation and speech, but not so much it would give me headaches.LOTS of Active Listening – This kind of goes against the grain, but when trying to build a tolerance to something; you need A LOT of whatever it is. In this case we need to hear a LOT of Japanese. So the best way is to do so is to watch a lot of anime and j-drama to get used to hearing it more and more and more, and in context. Then use the above methods to let your brain know that is ok for it to be white noise while you aren’t paying attention.These are things that worked for me. Hopefully if you are having trouble like I did this will help you or maybe parts of it will help you. If you have had a similar problem how were able to get past it?

First, lets get something out of they way. A lot of people say to better learn Japanese you MUST turn off subtitles when watching anime or J-Drama’s. I partially agree with this, but only to a point. I say this because while listening to conversations far above your head help you to get tones and eventually remember words; it sucks because you have no idea what is going on. It gets frustrating. At Tokyo in Tulsa I watched the first disc of Ai Yori Aoshi in raw Japanese no subtitles since I was doing late night in the Anime rooms and no one was there. Its depressing to only know bits an pieces of the conversation, and basic conversations at that. In short watching anime and J-Drama without subtitles can help, but it sucks. I do recommend it, but not all the time. I mean we Otaku, Americanized reference, want to enjoy what Japan has to offer and understand it.That all being said here are 5 simple ways, from experience, subtitles help you learn.Correcting the Subtitles – Often times we get speed subs of stuff to watch so the translations aren’t all that great, even some non-speed subs are bad. This leads to an excellent opportunity to listen to what is being said while watching and reading the subtitles, and correct them. Basically watch what is happening, listen to tones and words, and read the subtitles (easier than it sounds). At this point you can start to tell what is being meant by the tones, which helps in Japanese conversation, and by words, which helps in comprehension. Those are the two keys after that pick up the vocabulary and you will start to notice times when the subtitles could be a bit better or how they are off just a bit, or completely. Its okay if they are because YOU have now found out they are, and that means you are learning Japanese. Word Recognition – When studying we learn a lot of words and can somewhat keep track of what words we do know. While I watch anime I will read the subtitles, and when I read a word in the subtitles that has been said and I do know the Japanese counterpart I’ll make sure I hear it. I suggest you do the same. If you don’t hear the word you read in the subtitles rewind and try to find it. If you can’t then it might be an opportunity for #1 above or you need to work on the word a bit, as long as it is not a word in a different dialect. Don’t beat yourself up if you can’t hear the word you will eventually. Speed Recognition – If there is one thing to be learned it is that Japanese is a FAST language. it can be read and spoken fast. This leaves us at a disadvantage because English isn’t really a fast language it takes a while to read in comparison and with some of the most complex sentence structures available it doesn’t leave room to consistent speed talking. So how do subtitles help with this? well it helps us tune our ears to start reading the subtitles faster, but also trying to pick up the phrases too. Sometimes I have caught myself reading half the subs and picking up the other half by listening to dialog. Sentence Structure – This one is a tad bit harder to really follow unless you geek out a bit on grammar, both English and Japanese. When the subtitles are good subtitles and it is a leisurely show you can concentrate on what is being said and make out the differences between English and Japanese. This may not be important or even notable to most people, but it can help when learning general sentence structure in spoken language which can differ quite far sometimes from written. Again this can only really be done when it is a leisurely anime and you are paying attention, but it has helped while in speaking situations at my Japanese language club. Enjoyment – This might seem to be a cop-out point, but I really believe that if you don’t enjoy doing any of this then you aren’t going to get any benefit from it. I tend to do the above naturally, but I also do it as a fun exercise. After all learning Japanese should be fun and not a chore so finding fun ways of doing it is important. Too many people in my Japanese class aren’t actually enjoying the experience and having fun with it so they don’t get very far. Every time they mess with Japanese is it a chore so things like this ruin their experience of Anime or J-Dramas. So don’t do any of this if you aren’t going to enjoy it. In the end learning Japanese is what you make of it. Nothing more nothing less. This is a way for you to maybe get more out of what you do, and also maybe gives you another way to look at study habits when dealing with media.Have you found ways to effectively use subtitles to help you learn?

Tema-betsu Chyuukyu Kara Manabu Nihongo + Wākubukku (Изучение японского с промежуточного уровня: Пособие, Рабочая тетрадь, Аудиокурс к пособию)Год выпуска: 2007Автор: Мацуда Хироши и др.Жанр: Комплект из 1) учебника (пособия) и 2) рабочей тетради и аудиокурса к пособию.Издательство: KenkyushaISBN: 978-4-327-38445-6Формат: JPG, PDF, RTFКачество: Отсканированные страницыКоличество страниц: 193+80 (приложение)Формат аудио: mp3Качество: 128 кбит/сек, 32 кГц, СтереоРазмер: 377 MB Quote: Описание: Комплект предназначен для перехода с промежуточного уровня (中級, примерно 2-кю Норёкушикена), на продвинутый уровень (上級, примерно 1-кю). Он широко применяется в японских университетах, профессиональных школах и др. К 2007 году пережил 19 редакций (с 1991 года). Предназначен, для занятий с учителем, т.к. ответы на вопросы практикума и ключи к упражнениям есть только для рабочей тетради (частично). Однако, постепенное нарастание сложности текстов позволяет работать с комплектом и самостоятельно (из личного опыта). Пособие (textbook) и рабочая тетрадь (workbook) могут быть использованы вместе или раздельно. Язык - только японский, перевода нигде нет. Фуригана подписана для некоторых kanji. Также к учебнику прилагается аудиоприложение テーマ別中級から学ぶ日本語 Доп. информация: Изучение каждой темы состоит из 4-х секций: 1. Основной текст. 2. Практика. 3. Скоростное чтение 4. Понимание услышанного.http://files.uz-translations.uz/jcjkv3o4gpfr.htmlhttp://files.uz-translations.uz/yisw6hlx112o.htmlhttp://files.uz-translations.uz/fa4wdytn6ig3.htmlhttp://files.uz-translations.uz/xn5cek5kuvcy.htmlhttp://files.uz-translations.uz/xn5cek5kuvcy.htmlhttp://files.uz-translations.uz/tds6d7vo4wfu.html

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